signs that may indicate a child is experiencing abuse. If you notice a child experiencing several of the symptoms listened below, you should talk to your child.

Physical signs:

•Pain or itching in the genital area

•Bruises or bleeding in external genitalia

•Venereal disease

•Nightmares or other sleep disturbances

•Frequent stomach illness with no identifiable reason

•Loss of appetite, or trouble eating or swallowing

•Frequent genital or urinary tract infections or irritations

•Torn, stained or bloody underclothing

Behavioral signs:

•An increase in physical complaints

•Problems with bedtime or fear of going to sleep

•Fear of certain people or places (example: not wanting to be left alone with a babysitter

•Regression to infantile behaviors such as thumb-sucking or bed-wetting

•Abnormal interest in sex or knowledge of sexual matters inappropriate for the child’s age

•Preoccupation with their body or masturbation

•Bedwetting — especially if it begins in a child who has been dry

•Sexual activities with toys or other children, such as simulating sex with dolls or asking other children/siblings to behave sexually

•Using new words for private body parts

•Refusing to talk about a ‘secret’ he/she has with an adult or older child

Emotional signs:

•Unexplained fear or dislike of certain people or places depression or withdrawal

•Lack of confidence

•Sudden mood swings: rage, fear, anger, or withdrawal

A child’s disclosure of sexual abuse may be intentional or non-intentional, complete or incomplete, verbal or non-verbal. The child may draw a picture or use toys to re-enact the situation. Importantly, how you respond to the child can impact on their recovery from such trauma.

If a child discloses to you that they are being sexually abused, give the child your undivided attention. Believing the child is critical to the child’s psychological well-being. Allow the child to use their own words and to take their time. Assure the child that they have done the right thing by telling you.

Avoid quizzing the child as this may add unnecessary pressure, and could interfere with legal proceedings (which may be considered as directing the child’s disclosure). The important thing at this stage is to be a supportive listener and ensure the child is safe.

You can report the incident to police or child protection. These individuals are specifically trained professionals in questioning children. Even without a disclosure, you can report your concerns.